Sunday, July 21, 2019
Dangerousness and Dangerous Offenders
Dangerousness and Dangerous Offenders Dangerousness and Dangerous Offenders. Analyse the concept of dangerousness and critically evaluate its usefulness for the criminal justice system. Dangerousness, is the concept of criminology that is used to attribute those offenders who are deemed to pose a significant risk to the general public but whose actions cannot be made attributable to a specific mental illness. This therefore means that the administration of their criminal punishment is, by law, to be dealt with by the penal system as opposed to the medical profession. This paper analyses this concept of dangerousness, which will predominantly take into consideration the difficulties of creating an adequate legal definition for the use of the â€Å"dangerousness†concept as a tool within the modern criminal justice system. In particular, critical assessment of a possible use for a dangerousness concept will be analysed with reference to difficulties of categorisation of dangerous behaviour and possible usefulness.  Once a use for dangerousness has been identified, this will be analysed with reference to possible impacts on the modern Human Ri ghts regime. These findings will be cross referenced with the work of the Multi-Agency Public Protection Arrangements (MAPPA) and the Multi-Agency Public Protection Panel (MAPPP) in order to determine whether there really is a use for an all encompassing ’dangerousness’ concept in Criminal Justice. A.     Definition of the Concept of Dangerousness Research into the dangerousness concept reveals that it is a character that is attributed to certain criminal offenders. Floud and Young therefore describe dangerousness as:            â€Å"a pathological attribute of character: a propensity to inflict harm on others in disregard or defiance of the usual social and legal constraints†¦Ã¢â‚¬ The first revelation of the concept of ‘dangerousness’ is, therefore, that it is a notion aimed at the criminal offender. A second aspect of the concept is that the offender need not be suffering from any form of mental illness. This does not pose huge problems for the criminal justice function of sentencing, since mental illness is indicative of insanity, which when averred in a court of law, has the effect of acquitting the offender on account of lack of mens rea to commit the crime. The insane are therefore dealt with by the medical profession on a strictly subjective level in a way that the penal system would be ill equipped to provide. This was evident in the case of Peter Sutcliffe, the Yorkshire Ripper, who, after a period of time in prison due to a failed plea of diminished responsibility, was eventually found to be mentally unsound and was placed into psychiatric care. Finally, a third aspect, or perhaps a problem associated with the above definition is that there is little guidance on the classification of behaviour that can be deemed as dangerous. This will be dealt with below. In relation to this, there is no assistance in the determination of the boundaries between dangerous and non-dangerous offenders. B.     Dangerousness as a useful tool for the criminal justice system            1.        Definition of Criminal Justice In order to assess a potential tool for the Criminal Justice system, it is essential to know exactly what Criminal Justice is in order to identify its specific requirements for potential, useful tools. Criminal Justice is highly complex for the simple reason that it is a system operated by various institutions including the police, the crown prosecution service, the criminal defence service, the courts, the probation service and the prison service to name but a few. Sanders and Young have however identified one key principle of all institutions that are instrumental in the Criminal Justice system, which is to regulate:                      â€Å"potential, alleged and actual criminal activity within procedural limits supposed to protect the citizen from wrongful treatment and wrongful conviction†¦Ã¢â‚¬            2.        Requirements for dangerousness to be a useful tool Dangerousness, as a tool within this system, therefore requires to be instrumental in the regulation of alleged and actual criminal activity. Dangerousness itself would fit into the criminal justice modal as a legal term for the attribution of certain offenders but, in doing so, it must have a functional use beyond mere classification. As a tool within a fair legal system that is governed by the Human Rights Act 1998, it is also necessary that the definition of dangerousness is clear and precise so that offenders are given the benefit of full transparency of the law. C.     A function beyond mere classification? What is the function of dangerousness? In 1981, Fleud and Young presented their publication on the discussion of dangerousness as a classification of individuals for the purpose of imposing predictive judgements:            â€Å"†¦for sentencing purposes a man should only be judged ‘dangerous’ if it can be predicted that he will commit a future offence with something like the degree of particularity and certainty with which we could reckon to establish the fact that he committed a past offence†¦Ã¢â‚¬ While this is certainly a function for the tool of ‘dangerousness’ in the criminal justice system, ‘dangerousness,’ as a designation that leads to predictive judgement, is a blatant attack on the concept of ‘innocent until proven guilty‘. This is clearly pronounced by the fact that all criminal acts are determined in a court of law using the standard of ‘beyond reasonable doubt,’ and that the evidential burden of proof lies with the prosecution as opposed to the defendant. This also profoundly supported by Article 6 of the European Convention of Human Rights (ECHR) which categorically stipulates the right to a free trial. In addition, our current criminal justice system employs initiatives that are geared towards the rehabilitation of the offender, which means that modern day imprisonment is not only a fulfilment of the requirement to protect the public, but is also a means of educating the offender for the purpose of development of re-integration into society. The premise for preventative detention would suggest that the offender is past hope for such rehabilitation. Any form of incarceration for reasons other than the determined sentence administered through the channel of a fair trial must be given the most absolute and strict scrutiny. This is the basis upon which the extended detention of forty-eight hours under s 41(3) of the Terrorism Act 2000is based and, under strict circumstances laid out in Schedule 8, this period of detention may be extended. The significance for ‘dangerousness’ is that, as a concept of criminal justice that facilitates extended incarceration, there would require to be a clear, precise and strict declaration of parameters to determine the situations that would give rise to ‘dangerousness’ without which there can be no certainty in the law governed by Human Rights concepts. These findings therefore show that preventative detention can now never take place in line with Human Rights but does this mean that dangerousness is a concept that is fully obsolete? This in not the case when we examine the operation in the modern era of the organisation of MAPPA, which was set up in 2001 under the authority provided by the Criminal Justice and Court Services Act 2000. MAPPA is a supervisory, regulatory body that monitors offenders that are deemed to be dangerous to the public. Far from being a hindrance to the Human Rights concept, MAPPA bridges the gap between, the right to Liberty of the offender who has served time in prison, and supervision for the protection of the public. MAPPA is also a clever way of allowing for the continued adherence to Article 5 (ECHR) by facilitating the monitoring function of MAPPA as justified by the fact of a right to liberty and security of person under Article 5 for the general public. This is given priority over an absolute right to Article 5 protection for the dangerous offender. The approach is therefore intended to be the proportionate measure that finds adequate compromise between the rights of the general public on the one hand, and the offender on the other. This therefore allows for qualified freedom within a more specialised version of the traditional practice of probation. D.     Finding parameters for dangerous behaviour As a premise from which to determine the ‘dangerousness’ in behaviour, types of criminal behaviour that fall into this category would be all forms of criminal offence that would be considered as creating risk of ‘grave harm to others’. A traditional viewpoint for this concept is to include such violent crimes as murder, rape and all other forms of assault. In addition, this umbrella can also include crimes where there is a less direct aim at bodily harm, such as dangerous driving, arson and other wilful destruction of property. However, the list can be endless! The problem of attribution of dangerousness to specific crimes is solved under the MAPPA model by limiting the supervisory scheme to violent and sex offenders. In addition, the high risk offenders are referred to the more specialised MAPPP. The powers of both organisations are found under the Sexual Offences Act and Criminal Justice Act 2003, in which the responsibility for supervision of dangerous offenders is granted to the Police, Prison and Probation Services who are collectively referred to as the ‘Responsible Authority.’ This model does however leave open two ongoing problems.            1.        Dangerous behaviour is still not necessarily confined to violence and sex offences From a criminal justice point of view, the focus on specific types of behaviour, although initially pointing to violent crimes, does ignore the fact that grave harm can be inflicted in other ways such as the committal of fraud, embezzlement and money laundering. In fact, these types of crimes have the potential of creating far more widespread harm than that of conventional acts of violence. There is equally a distinct social difference between the physically violent spectrum of criminal behaviour and the so-called white-collar criminal activity involved in crimes of deception. This first problem therefore reveals that ‘dangerousness’ should not be limited to acts of violent and sexual nature but it continues to reveal the fact that any potential list of ‘dangerous crimes’ must be finite in order to preserve certainty in the law.            2.        Vast focus on the offender ignores the social context of crime Not only is it clear that dangerous crimes need not be exclusively of the violent and sexual nature, but the focus of ‘dangerousness’ is wrong in that it draws attention to the criminal and the crime as opposed to the social problem that generated the criminal behaviour. As shown via illustration of the problem associated with the classification of ‘dangerous’ crimes, there are many social contexts that are capable of creating certain criminal activity. A mere focus on the offender does nothing to hit hard at the root of the problem and the criminal justice system simply continues to imprison and punish offenders from the breeding grounds of, on the one hand, deprived and poverty stricken areas, and on the other, hand, corrupt administrative institutions. Dangerousness therefore not only ignores problems in society, but in doing so, it misses out on the wide variety of types of criminal activity that can be generated across the spectrum of social environments.             3.        Counter arguments It must however be remembered that there are other forms of supervisory mechanisms in place for the future prevention of non-violent and dangerous crimes such as embezzlement. These include the striking off of Directors from the board of directors following criminal activity. Furthermore, in relation to the targeting of social problems associated with specific areas of the country, John Prescott is currently heading one of the most comprehensive and widespread re-generation programs in UK history. Conclusion Dangerousness, as a legal concept, has extremely limited scope and the MAPPA model is merely a Human Rights friendly method of supervision that has utilised the word dangerous to describe violent and sex offenders. While the dangerousness concept has the potential to go far further than this small window of crimes, it is as a result of the complexities inherent in dealing with various crimes and their diverse social backgrounds that dangerousness cannot become a single operation within the criminal justice system. Instead, its usefulness is merely that of a non-legal but linguistic adjective to different crimes that require diverse preventative measures. Bibliography Legislation Sexual Offences Act 2003Criminal Justice Act 2003Terrorism Act 2000Human Rights Act 1998 (European Convention of Human Rights) Case LawR v Sutcliffe, The Times, 23 May 1981 Textbook PublicationsJ Floud and W Young, â€Å"Dangerousness and Criminal Justice,†(Cambridge Studies in Criminology XLVII, 1981)A Ashworth, â€Å"Principles of Criminal Law,†(Oxford University Press, 4th edition, 2003)A Sanders and R Young, â€Å"Criminal Justice,†(Butterworths, 2nd edition, 2000) Web Resources The Labour party: www.labour.org.uk/jpbattlebusThe Home Office: www.probation.homeoffice.gov.uk
Saturday, July 20, 2019
Joe Conrad :: essays research papers fc
Joseph Conrad was a very talented author. He started writing at the age of thirty-two, and began telling many tales of his life on the sea. In his youth he was a sailor and traveled to many places such as the Orient, and the Congo. It are his experiences on the Congo that serves as his primary source for his story The Heart of Darkness. This book was actually a story of a man, Charles Marlow, telling the story of his experience in Africa. While in Africa, Marlow's attitude towards life changes as can be seen in the following excerpts from the book. "We live in the flicker-may it last as long as the old earth keeps rolling!" (68). When Marlow gives that quote, he has not yet started his story. He is on a ship after a bad storm, and is about to begin. This particular quote has a zest to it. It tells one to live every moment to the fullest because life is but a flicker. This quote also tells the reader that Marlow wants to live a long life. After finishing the book, his statement seemed a bit strange because Marlow's tone became less enthusiastic at the end. However, Marlow survived through the experiences he told in his story. If he is still able to look back at his life and say, "may it last as long as the old earth keeps rolling!," then he must make the most out of it, and not let a few bad experiences change his attitude towards it. I couldn't help asking him once what he meant by coming there at all. 'To make money of course. what do you think?' he said, scornfully. Then he got fever, and had to be carried in a hammock slung under a pole...(86) This quote tells the reader much about the type of men that went to Africa. Most went only for the money-not giving a second thought to their health and safety. This particular man got deathly ill, and still was concerned only for money. Conrad was making a statement in this quote that too many people today do things only for money. Nobody works because they have a passion for what they do. People are too willing to put their lives on the line just to make a little money. Marlow was disgusted when the man snapped at him. Marlow he went to Africa because he had desired to do so since he was a little boy. He was an explorer at heart, and did not risk his
Friday, July 19, 2019
Tracing the Moral Development of Huck Finn Essay -- Mark Twain The Adv
Tracing the Moral Development of Huck Finn Living in the 1800's wasn't an easy task. There were many hardships that a person had to endure. In the novel, The Adventures of Huck Finn, the author Mark Twain portrays the adventure of a young boy. Huck, the young boy, goes on a journey with various dilemmas. The novel starts off in Missouri on the Mississippi River. Huck is taken from his guardians by his father and then decides to runaway from him. On his journey, he meets up with his former slave, Jim. While Huck and Jim are traveling down the Mississippi River, they meet a variety of people. Throughout the novel he takes on many different tasks which help shape his moral conscience. Taking on a new friend which society shuns, being without material possessions, and taking responsibility for his actions help Huck refine and reform the morals that make him a more mature young man. Huck develops morally from his companion on his journey, Jim, a runaway slave. At first, Huck doesn't respect Jim because he's his slave. "†¦He slipped Jim's hat off his head and hung it on a limb right over him†¦" P.6. This shows how Huck likes to trick Jim and play games on him. Later the two meet up on an island and immediately befriend and join up together. "†¦I didn't do him no more mean tricks, and I wouldn't done that if I'd 'a' knew it would make him feel that way." P.86. Huck says this after fooling Jim and telling him that a real event was just a dream of his. He r...
Thursday, July 18, 2019
Vectors And Projectiles :: Free Essays
Vectors And Projectiles After successfully completing the first two videos of the Paul Hewitt series, I have been drawn to this course. The third video of the series reviews the concepts of vectors and projectiles. In this video Paul goes over a lot of previously stated formulas. The ideas of how fast or hoe far an object travels are restated. The idea of how fast an object travels is known as its velocity. The velocity is found by finding how far an object travels over a period of time. It may be easier to multiply the pull of gravity, which in a free falling object is ten meters per second accelerating, by the seconds the object remains it the air. The product will result in how fast the object was traveling. The idea of how far an object travels is known as the distance. The distance can be found by multiplying the amount of time an object is in the air by itself and then multiplying the results by five. For example, a rock dropped off a cliff takes five seconds to strike bottom. Multiply five times itself and then by five. The rock was dropped from 125 meters high. My favorite part of this video was when Paul explained about a time he went on a church trip hang gliding. The purpose of the story was to get a point across about dropping a rock off a cliff and being able to determine the distance to the bottom. The humor in this helped me grasp the concept of time. The humor was he dropped the rock and it rolled down because there was not a straight drop. The point he was trying to get was to throw the rock. Not to throw it up or down, but to throw it straight and it would strike the bottom at the same time as it would on a free fall.
A Book That Has Had an Impact on Me Essay
During my fourth year of secondary school, I became acutely aware of the Women’s Rights Issue. I made an attempt to re-examine many of the cultural norms that I had previously accepted as just being â€Å"the natural order of things. †One of the paths I took to expand my awareness of the female psyche involved women’s literature. That is why I spent one weekend of my life in bed–crying, laughing, feeling sometimes confused, and often, incredibly angry and distraught. On that rainy Humboldt Friday night I had decided to read â€Å"The Women’s Room. The author, Marilyn Fridey, describes the lives of several women from the 1950’s to present. These women are nothing out of the ordinary. They either go to college and then get married, or they get married without bothering about the pretense of college–after all, they know that college is only a way to find more economically promising husbands. Myra, the main character whose life is traced throughout the book vaguely wonders why she is not content cooking pot roast, scraping shit from the baby’s diapers, and picking up her husband’s dry cleaning. See more: Strategic Management Process Essay Her only solace is the neighborhood of women who share concerns over coffee in the afternoons. They wonder why Katherine, a Catholic woman who has 9 children and an alcoholic husband, committed suicide. â€Å"She had a normal life, they thought, she just should have talked her husband into using birth control. †As for the rest of the women, including Myra, their lives, fears, disappointments and yearnings, were much more subtle, yet equally suicidal in their quiet desperation. Many years down the road, Myra’s life finally changes. Her husband has â€Å"made it†, the kids have grown, and life is easy economically. Myra has a nervous breakdown. Once recovered, she divorces, and becomes a graduate student at Yale. Though painful and difficult, it is here that she comes to terms with herself, realizes her potential, and learns to live with herself–not necessarily happily–but at least honestly. After I finished the story of Myras world that Sunday evening, I woke up in the middle of the night sobbing uncontrollably from a terrible nightmare. Though I couldn’t remember the dream, I came to a profound realization. Myra’s life was my mothers. Most of my life I had revered, respected and admired my father for going to college, being intelligent and worldly, having power and control. In short for being a man. My mother always seemed too â€Å"wishy-washy†, easily trodden upon, overly dependent because she had chosen the role of housewife, mother. I rebelled against the tradition, and feared wearing those chains someday. Consequently, I strove to be like my father. Until this book, I never realized how much more courage it took for a person to live within a stifled role, and find contentment by living through other people. During that night of crying I understood my mother for the first time–I respected her inner strength, compassion, gentleness. Ever since then, my relationship with my mother has evolved, and we are very close. I will probably never adopt the role in life that she chose to take, but I now respect her for her life, and understand the reasons why she made those choices. Reading of Myra’s evolution as a female changed the way I feel towards myself, my feelings and compassion for my mother, and provided me with a much more sensitive view towards the lives of many women in our society today.
Wednesday, July 17, 2019
Helping Children Improve their Self-Esteem Essay
To have a level-headed sense of ego-esteem is what most p atomic number 18nts would motivation their young baberen to have. Special emphasis is given to self-confidence because parents know that self- esteem has a powerful effect on parley behavior. Also, many observers believe that at the posterior of the many societal problems lie in low self-confidence. Adler and Towne added that people with high self esteem are more instinctive to communicate that people with low self-pride (48).Although self-esteem has been studied and scrutinized for many long time already, specialists and educators still argue well-nigh its genius and development. Even so, they all generally arrest that parents and other adults who are important to peasantren influence a major role in laying a solid base of operations for a sisters development. So what or how is self-esteem defined and illustrated in the different social contexts? Self-esteem is utter to be a part of self concept that involv es evaluations of self worth.The basics of self-esteem laid early in flavor when infants develop attachments with those who are responsible for them. Babies check to feel love and valued when those who seem after them readily suffice to their cries and smiles. By being loved and accepted by the people they idolize, barbarianren come to feel loved and accepted too. Also, parents and teachers piece of tail help their children to work up healthy self-esteem by precept good values, expressing keep, giving quarrels, and coping with defeats.As children become increasingly sensitive to evaluations by their peers, parents and teachers back end be very submissive in fostering positive relationships with the childrens peers. You can alike help the child by being clear about good values and keeping the dialogue lines open about experiences outside the home. When adults respond to the childs interests and efforts with appreciation kinda than just praise, a childs sense of self-wor th is more likely to deepen. conceive of this, when your child shows interest in something you are doing, you might want to include the child in the activity. In this manner, you respond positively to your childs interest by treating it seriously. On the contrary, flattery and praise can sometimes distract children from the topics they are raise in because children may develop a habit of expressing interest in a subject matter just to fulfil flattery. Tasks and activities that offer a real challenge than from those that are merely playful or funs are more likely to acquire children from.Involving the children in doing house hold chores pull up stakes help boost self-esteem because it forget give the children a sense of accomplishment. Cutright also put emphasis that rather than punctuate constant victoryes and triumphs, parents and teachers can help the child develop and maintain healthy self-esteem by helping him or her superintend with defeats. When love and support remain same(predicate) during times of disappointment or crisis, the childs weakened self-esteem can be strengthened when parents or teachers permit the child feel that.As a conclusion, parents and teachers can play a world-shaking role in strengthening childrens self-esteem by treating them respectfully, taking their views and opinions seriously, and expressing appreciation to them. Also, parents must keep in approximation that self-esteem is an important part of all(prenominal) childs development.ReferenceAdler, Ronald B. , and Neil Towne. look out/looking in interpersonal communication. 2nd ed. New York Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1978. Cutright, Melitta. Self-esteem the secern to a childs success and happiness. PTA Today 17 (1992) 5-6.
Tuesday, July 16, 2019
Reading the Sopranos
Reading the Sopranos
There are them in my personality.Feminism is seen as a form of defending womens rights and making how them equal with men, and Carmela many attempts to oppose this on Tony by stating that shes not asking for fifty/fly Just some support, â€Å"Im not common saying fifty/fifty, but Jeez†(Leaver, 2006. PAP). Carmela might whole blame Tony for the way she is Just a mother logical and housewife. Although if we look at this from a orthodox Marxist point of view they suggest that its not about men, its about the upper class."I believe thats terrific! Because hes the person who kills him! And she was logical not pretentious.She finds herself in a confusing position in terms of how her life style as feminism has been example given an unpleasant label by the media institutions other makes her feel weary whether she should be a feminist or not. Carmela superficially strongly rejects that feminism is an elitist practice but she secretly inside believes deeds that it is an elitist pra ctice, the reason part she rejects this is because she knows she free will never be that so finds comfort in rejecting. Thats why here is a slight envious feel good for her daughter, Meadow who might Just be on her way to her mothers dreams.Psychoanalysis developed by Sigmund Freud is the behavior of people, the drives of the unconscious.
Therefore is tv while comics is among my main passions.Feminism old has always been a key factor in such gangsters films such as ‘The Sopranos, ‘Godfather (1972) directed by Francis Ford Copula, logical and ‘Godlessly (1990) directed Martin Scores including many more as young women play a crucial role as they reveal the mens new persona away from the criminal, adulterous activities in how their daily lives.Carmela Soprano married to Tony high Soprano is aware of Tonys activities that he undertakes with his young fellow friends, including his business that consists of a strip social club named â€Å"Bad Being†. Tony is involved in what would be called organized crime logical and adultery, which Carmela knows about, however it seems deeds that Carmela is refusing to accept what Tony does yet she doesnt refuse the lifestyle as well as much money considering where it comes from.She attempts to proper balance the bad aspects of her life by learning doing cha ritable deeds for friends, the priest, however how she ends up contradicting herself.Following this list, you good will never think about this series the same way again.The present author represents the data in a convenient method.
Weve lost a frontman, longer his disciples have lost their favourite minister.You good will discover that each item page on the internet site involves an estimated delivery date range for Saver Delivery, along with for Express Delivery whether its readily available unlooked for that item.Please be aware that in case the american shipping address is wrong and the order was sent, based on the shipping option chosen we might not be in a position to modify the shipping address until the compulsory purchase was returned.Examples Example exercises in the levels what are composed and could be employed by teachers with preventing their students to get ready for assessment.
You think there has to be something.There are different things that I would love to do.It is likely.Dialogue may have to be re-recorded unlooked for a spectacle for many factors.
We are church going to go back to this same topic of women in just a bit.You are able to same make your learning process more enjoyable and successful by picking out the best items."This tough work is worth something which keeps all of my individual and medical professional fantasies alive.You need to concentrate to bring much everything into focus.
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