Development of a GIS Within a Water Company

Development of a GIS Within a Water Company Introduction Geographic information systems (GIS) confirm every day, and with increasing popularity, that they are some essential tools for storing, managing, processing and mapping a large amount of georeferenced data, which related to a database shape a given geographical space. The increasingly widespread use of personal computers, along with a greater choice by software manufacturers allow an item, previously limited to powerful computers, can be treated by a large number of users. Geographic information systems make possible, among other things, the ability to extract different layers of thematic information relating to a particular spatial area, as well as all kinds of analysis and diagnosis in areas as diverse as territorial planning, or the environment or management resources This report aims to examine the development of a geographic information system within an organisation. More specifically it is a water company, as might be the case of Thames Water. This report will go into the operation of a large water company. The nature of the information included into geographic information system is varied. For example, data from network infrastructure projects are used as well as a geographical aspect, such as hydrologic basin boundaries, water bodies and other In this company there is also administrative information such as databases related to public use of water resources in a basin. Another type of information made available is the satellite image. For the development of the geographic information system it has been necessary to carefully define its own infrastructure of all the components involved in the process. These components are: hardware, storage, software, information structure in a server (done in a way that can be cost effective), tools for accessing and updating. Thus, it allows system users to access all information related to use them in tasks of water management. The idea of the implementation of a geographic information system in the company aims to provide technological and methodological solutions to the tasks of water management. The geographic information system is established to respond to questions that are not predefined in advance. Background An initial analysis of the company gives an idea of its size, and in base to this, the kind of infrastructure is chosen. Also, an study of the resources available is needed in order to meet the requirements of GIS that the company has. Services are put in place regarding maintenance of the geo-referenced information: infrastructure maintenance Within a water company, like Thames Water, several activities related to water management are summarised next in order to give examples of need for a GIS. First, there is a need to manage water resources, the public usage of water, water supply infrastructure and reservoirs GIS can help in the creation and implementation of water policies. Carry out the administration of public water usage and manage the use of water. Manage the implementation of works and water infrastructure, coordinate the exploitation and management of works and projects. Manage the recruitment, management and control of the earnings in the company A mobile system that reinforce the departments ability to manage field resources and service orders (Jacobs, D. et al., 2007) GIS sources As mentioned earlier, the company deals with information from different sources, each with its particular characteristics: information from infrastructure projects and other projects and other directly related to the natural environment, information from information systems information from satellite imagery and derived products. Information from infrastructure projects and other projects and other directly related to the natural environment The projects that the company deals with generate a lot of geographic information: major infrastructure projects (for example, water supply), environmental monitoring and planning (like flood zones and evacuation routes map (Mioc, 2008) and reference maps on issues relating directly to the environment (for example maps of rivers or watersheds). Once the company receives the information, the administrator of GIS adds value to information. One example is the case of water supply infrastructure: establishing topology, and enabling queries of what happens at certain point. Information from other systems The GIS of the company uses data from other information systems. The GIS software of the company is linked to external databases. Through database connectivity the company have access to information on Oracle format and Access format that contain administrative information with the records of the actions of the public with water resources (for example consume, discharges, building permits, etc..). It is also linked to other information systems with information directly related to the physical environment (network information system of surface water control) The company databases are based on a relational data model where data is stored in two dimensions tables. In this way theses tables are related and contain records for one entity. The company databases are also based in a georelational model where the tables are linked and contain data like topology, attributes etc. Using SQL language the company can query the data from the database and in this way can generate maps and tables with the information required by the users. The integration between databases and GIS software allows the end user to represent the elements of the database on a map, in that way many layers o different maps can be opened and overlaid and geographical relations between the elements mapped can be checked. The company uses Automated Mapping/Facilities Management AM/FM. With this application the non geographic and the geographic information can be integrated in one. The information of the company database is geocoded with the postcode address of their home. The process to geocode can be tedious, so another company does it. Once the information is geocoded analysis can be undertaken combined with other maps overlaid like a city map for instance. Like this the company can undertake different tasks. Information from satellite images and derived products Another type of information that makes use of GIS is the remote sensing information. Through contracts with other companies water company regularly receives processed images from satellites such as Landsat or SPOT. The images are geometrically and radiometrically corrected, the metadata is completed and is integrated into the GIS. The images are produced as a product of great visual interest. Compositions are created with true colour and false colour, easily accessible guide maps are made for quick access to view the images. This information is also used to track water requirements of crops, monitoring of snow cover and monitoring of water quality along the coast. On products derived from monitoring the area are creating databases, initially simple, storing the information, and are creating management tools to generate reports, graphs and maps to access quickly. On products derived from monitoring the area databases are created, that store the information, and management tools are created to generate reports, graphs and maps to access quickly. Maps can be created using this information of humidity index, cadastral parcels with water content, evapotranspiration, etc.. One of the problems that the company is facing is the lack of knowledge of the resources of remote sensing data. The GIS and Remote Sensing software used have been chosen according to the needs of the company: the key points when deciding which software to use in the company are: which benefits the software offer, the profile of users who will use it is also important, number of licenses needed and the price is also important. The technology is used by the company is ESRI because offers a high performance level in GIS: for example, has the necessary tools for analysis and interfaces hydraulic and hydrologic modelling (very important for a water company) and also offers the possibility of programming highly customized interfaces that are often very friendly welcome by users, but the disadvantage is its high cost that can limit the number of licenses. Hardware For hardware, the company has chosen to use a high-powered server as the company is a large size company and the amount of map information generated is very large. It is very important to choose a high performance hardware because as a large company, the amount of data to be processed is very high. When choosing the hardware is taken into account the time factor as the large amount of data that is received daily makes essential a technology that can provide mid-term capacity. Besides, the hardware has to respond to the addition of new series of maps and the continuing contribution of remote sensing imagery. It is essential to manage the huge volumes of geographical data in a efficient and effective way if the GIS is to be cost justified. Apart from hardware and software the structure of the data is also very important. The access to the information has to be easy to the users and also the maintenance and update. Information must be stored in a way that is structured in a objective way, scalable and easy to add new information. The structure of the data have been created according to the major thematic areas within the company. Here are the big four groups where the data has been divided into: Mapping management: maps and databases that include elements of the territory directly involved in the management, control, planning and land always in relation to the water business. These maps are generated within the company. (watershed, sewage systems, etc.). Thematic Mapping: mapping not linked to the water business, but that is related to environmental issues that the company is related to like natural reserves, Mapping of reference: map collections supplied by the Ordnance Survey (all sort of maps, from topographic to aerial photo rectified Other mapping: maps and databases of a part of the territory administered by the company, this mapping may also come from other entities as a result of specific studies Those who do easier tasks they dont need a full training on GIS and Remote Sensing because probably they are not going to use it, but what it is important is that these users have a personalised training on the task that are going to perform normally. For this reason within the company some personalised training is undertaken. Also step by step manuals describing the processes and above all the GIS office of the company is conducting ongoing advice on issues of GIS and Remote Sensing to the entire company. Conclusions Currently the GIS is an essential tool in the in the day to day in the company. Work of different sorts relating the water is undertaken with GIS. The GIS model of the company has allowed, despite some problems, enhance in each of the workspaces GIS as a tool for management, planning and analysis. Jacobs, D., Souza F., Ramey R. â€Å"GIS to the Rescue† Water Wastes Digest February 2007 Volume: 47 Number: 2 Darka Mioc, Franà §ois Anton and Gengsheng Liang On-line Street Network Analysis for Flood Evacuation Planning Remote Sensing and Gis Technologies for Monitoring and Prediction of Disasters. Berlin: Springer, 2008. Pages219-242

As Gass To Cars :: essays papers

As Gass To Cars As gas to cars, food is human’s source of energy. If there is no food there is no energy,If there is no energy the body cannot work, in other words, dies. But the concept of food has changed throughout history. In fact, the concept of food in one period differs from one place to the other and from one class to another. Food serves from a surviving necessity, to a luxury, to a consolation of the soul. Personally, I think that people today have forgotten about the main function of food, and instead of eating to live they live to eat. A lot of people today say that they only eat to survive. They justify their opinion by saying that they eat when they are hungry and hunger is a signal from the body saying that it is in need of energy. I do not agree with them. For example, I think that people today are answering the call of cravings rather than that of hunger. Also, I think that a lot of people today eat to sooth their souls rather than their bodies. Furthermore, considering what people are putting in their bodies as a source of energy makes you expect a chemical explosion. Firstly, if people were eating to satisfy true hunger, then they would settle with anything that they could put in their mouths and fill their tummies with. But no, today their body is calling for chocolate, yesterday their body was in need of a source of energy imported from China, and who knows what will happen next? Maybe tomorrow their body won’t function with anything less than Italian gas. Secondly, today a lot of people seek comfort in food. When people feel empty inside, they try to fill up that emptiness with food. On a personal level, when I’m feeling down I always think that a chocolate bar or a couple scoops if ice cream would pick me up. When I’m feeling excited or hyper, I look for potato chips or salted crackers. And when I feel tense or under pressure, I feel the need of a combination of both sweets and salties. Thirdly, sometimes you are just shocked at what people eat and the amounts they take. Come on, nobody needs all that energy even if they are going to jog all around the world.

Henrik Isbens A Dolls House :: A Dolls House Essays

Synopsis   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The play begins on Christmas Eve. Nora Torvald enters the living room carrying packages. Torvald Helmer, her husband, enters. He says that she shouldn’t have spent so much on Christmas gifts. He says that they have to be careful with money for now, but that he got a promotion at the bank that will increase their quality of life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Helene, their maid, says that Dr. Rank has come to visit. Also, Nora’s school friend, Kristine Linde, comes. The two have not seen each other in years. Nora tells Linde about her life. She says that Torvald had heath problems earlier in the marriage, and they had to go to Italy so he could recover.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mrs. Linde tells Nora that her husband died, leaving her with no money and no children. She wants Torvald to get her a job. Nora says she will speak to Torvald, and tells her that she illegally borrowed the money to pay for the trip to Italy. For years, she worked and saved in secret to repay the debt. Soon it will be fully repaid.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Krogstad, an employee at the bank, and Dr. Rank arrive. Rank says that Krogstad is â€Å"morally sick†. Nora is unnerved by Krogstad’s presence. Torvald says that he can probably get Mrs. Linde a job at the bank. Rank, Torvald, and Linde depart. The children arrive with Anne-Marie, their nanny. Nora plays with the children until she notices Krogstad. He is revealed to be the source of the illegal loan.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  He says that Torvald wants to fire him. He asks Nora to try to talk Torvald out of it. Krogstad says that he will tell about the loan if he gets fired. Nora tries to get Torvald not to fire him, but he says Krogstad is immoral.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On Christmas, Nora is nervous. Nora again begs Torvald not to fire Krogstad. He refuses. Torvald sends the maid to deliver Krogstad’s letter of dismissal.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Rank arrives and tells Nora he is dying. She flirts with him. He says he is in love with her.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Krogstad demands an explanation for his being fired. He tells Nora that she must get him rehired to a higher position. He puts a letter in Torvald’s letterbox detailing the illegal loan. (Nora forged her father’s signature to get it.) Nora tells Mrs. Linde everything. Mrs. Linde says to distract Torvald from the letterbox until she talks to Krogstad.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Krogstad and Mrs. Henrik Isben's A Doll's House :: A Doll's House Essays Synopsis   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The play begins on Christmas Eve. Nora Torvald enters the living room carrying packages. Torvald Helmer, her husband, enters. He says that she shouldn’t have spent so much on Christmas gifts. He says that they have to be careful with money for now, but that he got a promotion at the bank that will increase their quality of life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Helene, their maid, says that Dr. Rank has come to visit. Also, Nora’s school friend, Kristine Linde, comes. The two have not seen each other in years. Nora tells Linde about her life. She says that Torvald had heath problems earlier in the marriage, and they had to go to Italy so he could recover.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mrs. Linde tells Nora that her husband died, leaving her with no money and no children. She wants Torvald to get her a job. Nora says she will speak to Torvald, and tells her that she illegally borrowed the money to pay for the trip to Italy. For years, she worked and saved in secret to repay the debt. Soon it will be fully repaid.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Krogstad, an employee at the bank, and Dr. Rank arrive. Rank says that Krogstad is â€Å"morally sick†. Nora is unnerved by Krogstad’s presence. Torvald says that he can probably get Mrs. Linde a job at the bank. Rank, Torvald, and Linde depart. The children arrive with Anne-Marie, their nanny. Nora plays with the children until she notices Krogstad. He is revealed to be the source of the illegal loan.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  He says that Torvald wants to fire him. He asks Nora to try to talk Torvald out of it. Krogstad says that he will tell about the loan if he gets fired. Nora tries to get Torvald not to fire him, but he says Krogstad is immoral.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On Christmas, Nora is nervous. Nora again begs Torvald not to fire Krogstad. He refuses. Torvald sends the maid to deliver Krogstad’s letter of dismissal.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Rank arrives and tells Nora he is dying. She flirts with him. He says he is in love with her.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Krogstad demands an explanation for his being fired. He tells Nora that she must get him rehired to a higher position. He puts a letter in Torvald’s letterbox detailing the illegal loan. (Nora forged her father’s signature to get it.) Nora tells Mrs. Linde everything. Mrs. Linde says to distract Torvald from the letterbox until she talks to Krogstad.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Krogstad and Mrs.

Structures and Maximizing Profits

Market structures play an important role in the economy today. The strategic and profit maximizing concepts are determined by the type of market structure. â€Å"Market structure is best defined as the organizational and other characteristics of a market. † (Riley, 2006) Competitive markets, monopolies, and oligopolies three of the four market structures in the economy. A competitive market or perfect competitive market is a market that has many buyers and sellers that do not influence prices. An example of a competitive market would be the street vendors selling bottled water along the sidewalk of a tourist attracted city.There are likely to be many vendors and buyers alike. Most notably the influence of each vendors input on price is low. The opposite of a competitive market is a monopoly. Monopolies affect the economy with considerable control over supply and price. The definition of monopoly is when the single seller of a product controls its market and does not allow comp etition. Local telephone, cable, and water, which are a natural monopoly, are examples of monopolies. Each of the companies has complete control for the distribution of their products or services in regards to supply and prices.Oligopolies are types of imperfect competition in the market structure. An oligopoly is where only a few sellers offer similar or identical products. Consider watching a basketball game at any level of competition. The athletic wear, footwear, and accessories worn by players are more than likely Nike, Addidas, or Reebok. These companies sell products that are similar and are for the same purpose, yet they are not identical. This type of market structure is also known as monopolistic competition. Oligopolies have considerable control over some of the prices of the products they sell.The characteristic of each market structure are important to understand the role of each structure. The determination of price in terms of maximizing profits is best understood by following the rules of production in a given market. Profit maximizing for a company or firm is utilized by using the company’s profit maximizing output level. This is when the marginal cost is the same as the product price. When a company offers products in new locations the marginal cost of the products of the new locations is a part of the marginal cost. That would be an example of a company opting to profit maximizes their production ased on change of total cost to accomplish more profit. Another consideration of a profit maximizing rule is when marginal cost equals price. A company attempting to profit will manage this rule closely to determine profitability. The average total cost of a good is the deciding factor in profit maximizing where marginal cost equals price and marginal cost increases. Monopolist market companies maximize profits by following the rule marginal revenue equals marginal cost. Marginal revenue is the change in total revenue that results from a chan ge in output.Companies that are the single producer of a product will want to maximize their total revenue. Costs of production are low therefore marginal revenue will equal cost. Competitive markets, monopolies, and oligopolies have profit maximizing rules that compare price to marginal revenue, marginal cost, and average total cost to determine profit gain. Each market consists of barriers of entry. One of the reasons for entry is the encouragement of successful gain of profits from other companies. Consider the local and national fast food hamburger restaurants.McDonalds began as one of the first restaurants of its type followed by chains such as Wendy’s and Burger King. That is an example of monopolist competition at its best. A discouragement or barrier for entry into certain market structures is through law and regulations. Creating anti-trust laws are detrimental to the formation of monopolies and their continued growth. There are three examples of business practices t hat present a dilemma for business entry. Resale price maintenance is the setting of a product price is contracted by the wholesaler for the retailer to sell at that given price.If the price is set from the wholesaler competition is suspended because of the price being uncontrolled by the retailer. The next business practice involves market power. A company that possesses market power has control of setting and changing prices without losing customers or altering the entire market. These companies are also referred to as price setters. â€Å"Firms with market power normally use that power to raise prices above the competition level. † (Mankiw) Predatory pricing is a debatable topic in terms of entry into a market and regulated policies. The third type of a business entry barrier is tying.Tying forces smaller businesses to strategize products based on the market power and price discrimination practices of manufacturers. There are four other barrier entry provisions for various markets. First, there is the denial of entry into a market or the lack of possible competition. Next, a company may own a key resource that provides exclusive rights to that market. Another point is when the government allows a single seller the right to produce or provide certain goods. Finally, the cost of production equals a single producer being more efficient versus the cost of production via a large number of producers.The characteristics, price determinations, and barriers of entry into competitive markets play essential roles in the economy. The characteristic of each market provides buyers and sellers to understand and make business decisions for the success of the economy. The economy as a whole benefits from how market structures abide by the rules and regulations of profit maximizing. References Mankiw, N. G. (2007). Principles of economics (4th Ed. ) Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. Riley, Geoff. September. 2006. A2 markets & Market systems. Market structures . Retrieved on January 22nd, 2012 from http://tutor2u. net/economics

How to Write About Poetry Essay

Poetry may be considered as a painting or sketch done in words rather than in ink or color. To write about poetry we must have an understanding of what the poet is trying to communicate. For this we need to place ourselves in the poets’ shoes and understands his sentiments and interpret his expressions accurately & correctly. To begin writing about poetry we need to consider roughly ten important points. First, consider the nature of the poem i.e. the flow of thoughts that form the poem. The flow needs to be mentioned when the basic elements of the poem are discussed. Second, are the identifications of the central character and the setting of the poem. In order to write about the two it becomes imperative to understand how the poet relates to both and how he uses them in his poem. Third, diction and imagery should be discussed, determining the impact they have on the reader. The description of the figures of speech; metaphors & simile, used in the poem is imperative as it provides a deeper understanding of the thoughts expressed. The tone of the poem should also be discussed as it tells one what to expect (humor, tragedy). Talking about the sound, rhyming, shape and symbolism is an indication of the extra touches used by the poet to make his poem a pretty read. Last but most important, a good description of the meaning, theme and idea is required as it puts forth a simplified yet effective image of the poem for the reader to understand.

Ideal Student Essay

Quote: I realized that the only purpose to revolution is to be able to love who you want, how you want, when you want and where you want†¦ Idle student: An ideal student is someone who is thirsty for knowledge. Such a student will not be distracted in class. After all that is what every teacher desires.This thirst for knowledge will ensure that she is attentive and is committed to learn all that she can about a particular subject so that she can understand it fully. An ideal student will also have certain other distinguishing qualities. She will have well – defined goals in life and her effort will be to do whatever it takes to achieve these goals. For instance, if you ask her what she aspires to be, she will have a ready answer. And she will have a good reason for what she aspires to be. She will also have a clear vision of what is necessary to attain her goal. An ideal student will respect her teachers but will not be afraid of them. She will have the courage to admit her ignorance and ask for advice and direction if she needs it. She will not be the kind of person who accepts things blindly and learns by rote. She will try to grasp concepts and if she finds it difficult, will have the confidence to approach her teachers for more information. She will be active in many things for she understands that one should have a well – rounded personality. She will have character more than anything else for it is character that makes a person’s destiny. She will compete only with herself and if someone seeks her help in class, will show no hesitation in giving it. An ideal student will observe discipline. She will be punctual and properly dressed. She will not absent herself from class for silly reasons and will do her homework daily. She will be neat and tidy and observe decorum in class. Children are the wealth of a nation.A Nation that produces a generation of talented and hardworking youth marches ahead on the path of progress.However creating quality citizens is no easy task and cannot be achieved overnight.The first step for that is to produce ideal students in our schools. These ideal students would go on to become ideal citizens. Who is an ideal student.? There isn’t one definite answer to that because there are many qualities that together define an ideal student.The most important quality of an ideal student is that for him. the foremost duty of his school life is to study.He studies regularly and works hard to improve his  performance in each exam. But his objective of studying is not to only score good marks or secure a high rank.Beyond that he has a thirst for knowledge , an interest to learn more about everything he observes. Apart from studies, an ideal student actively gets involves in other activities. He is good in arts and sports and regularly participates in intra and inter school events.He is an active member of various clubs in the school and helps in organizing events. But participating in competitions and winning events is not the only big thing in life, and an ideal student knows that very well.Virtues like kindness, compassion,respect , sincerity, honesty, politeness are equally important in todays world, and these qualities are found in abundance in an ideal student. He treats his parents, teachers and elders with respect, and speaks politely to everybody. In times of crisis for his friends, he is the first person to stand by them. He never boasts of his achievements and never gets depressed by his failures. He is always cheerful and maintains a positive approach to life.He spreads hope and happiness wherever he goes. In short his conduct is admired by everyone. An ideal student is a voracious reader. He reads the newspaper regularly and is well aware about the events and happenings in various parts of the world. He also reads magazines, noels and short stories.he has an excellent grasp of the language and is very good at communicating things to others.Last but not the least, an ideal student loves his parents and family members very much and does as much as he can to help them and to keep them happy. He never wastes his parents’ hard-earned money and believes that knowledge is the biggest wealth he can acquire.An ideal students grows up to be an asset to his family, his society and the country.If only all our schools couls produce more and more ideal students, our country could achieve tremendous progress and become the envy of the whole world..

Blend Wing Body

The structure design of bended wing body aircraft for commercial airline transport By Yue Sung (Lance) Fung 10/17/2012 Introduction Today many new design aircraft concept use blended wing body theory, one of the biggest challenge of this aircraft is to design a strong and pressurized structure for safe commercial Airline transport. According to V. Mukhopadhyay the structure of Blended-Wing -Body (BWB) flight vehicle has been a one of the major challenging problem for many year. By comparing the fuselage of a conventional aircraft which is a cylinder shape, the stress level of a flatter shoebox shape type BWB fuselage has a higher magnitude ,because the internal pressure causes blending stress of the whole fuselage instead of the stress act on the skin membrane. Due to the primary design of the conventional fuselage structure are focus on membrane stress, a new design and material are needed ,in order to increase the bending moment of inertia without increase the weight requirement while the aircraft is pressurized . Although a whole flowing Blended Wing Body fuselage provide structure weaker and no as pressurize as conventional aircaft, but new designs of the blended wing body aircraft structure can provide satisfying stress, deflection and buckling safety factors, pressurized body during the critical flight and ground loads. There are three articles discussed in this literature review. According to R. H. Liebeck, the BWB structure is separated into two major components: the centerbody and the outer wings. The Y braced box type fuselage design structure concepts was based on a thick stringer outer surface structure, where the stringers are about 5–6 in. deep in order. Then using internal ribs have Y braces where they meet the skin, to reduce the bending moment on the skin created by the internal pressure across the center body and the outer wing. As a result ,the complete center body pressure vessel is  omposed of the upper and lower surface panels, the rounded leading edge the rear main spar, the outer ribs and the internal ribs payload and does not carry wing bending loads therefore the load can equally balanced however the cabin inside of the aircraft is hard to keep pressurized for commercial flight. At the same time , V. Mukhopadhyay has been stated that using the alternative multi bubble structure configuration instead create a whole body structure on a BWB aircraft. The multiple bubbies body can easily apply to the BWB aircraft internal structure, where the center distance between each segment was kept as same as the radius, therefore the outer side and the inner cabin wall junction are facing 120 degree each other, as a result a equal angel geometry given an advantage structure when the membrane stress equilibrium force acting between the cabin wall and the outer shell by balanced by inter cabin wall tensioning, which can keep the inter cabin more pressurized. Comparison to V. Mukhopadhyay , L. U. Hansen, stated that the loading of the structure leads to high bending loads in every part of the cabin can be reduced by structural elements carrying the vertical force components in result the reduce the blending force in the cabin which keep the fuselage pressurized . The solution is to use a strong structural components panel in the membrane which connecting both upper and lower side of the fuselage ,and there are four fuselage surface composite panel configurations were analyzed and optimized for minimum weight, under required internal pressure and estimated compressive loads with both stress and buckling constraints. Although the skin/stringer outer surface structure can apply to the whole structure of the BWB with really strong component against the blend stress , the fuselage surface composite panel also will be a good consideration for strengthen the structure of the outer body of BWB aircraft since it can enlarge the skin stress of the aircraft the keep it more pressurize. Yet the multiple bubbies cylinder configuration can be most effective when it applied to the center body of BWB because of the circulate configuration will reduce the membrane stress and easier to keep the fuselage pressurized than skin/stringer configuration. Discussion R. H. Liebeck method can applied to can applied to the blended wing body aircraft while the Y braces box structure is really sturdy over the upper and lower surface panels, the rounded leading edge the rear main spar, the outer ribs and the internal ribs payload. The design does included carry wing bending loads therefore the load can equally balanced . However the design cabin pressure load is experienced on every fight and fatigue becomes the design conditions. Since the structure is no in a circle it cause the cabin pressure loads are taken in bending, the margin required for aluminum could be forbidden , therefore and advance carbine composite. Other studies said that if the structure are not built by composite material the structure of the BWB will be heavier than the conventional aircraft which in result having less advantage of building BWB aircraft as predicted . Although the Y braces with skin and stringer structure from R. H. Liebeck article will required higher weight without advance composite, L.U. Hansen, stated that the BWB body aircraft outer shell structure can be connect with different type of the . The strong structural components panel can be bonded and connect each other , the different size of the panel and represented the different airfoil surface of the BWB aircraft. When compared to the stringer and the membrane , components panel on every can provide better connecting both upper and lower side of the fuselage also it blend moment can be reduced by structural elements carrying the vertical force. The challege of the design is to hold the panels connection during higher G loading and abnormal maneuver ,and the each panel have to the make it as less tolerance as possible to reduce the induce drag and the turbulence drag from the gap from each panel. To improve the first two solution, the alternative solution state by V. Mukhopadhyay is to use the multiple bubbies fuselage ,during the experiment the multiples cylinder body can remodel the advantage of the pressurized cylinder body of the conventional aircraft. The experimental result shown the design loaded of the cylinder fuselage his the same pressure stress and loading when using the two bubbies and three bubbies structure. When the number bubbies structure increase the pressure loading decreased while the blend moment increase. Although compare to the first two method the blending moment may if the bubbies number increase to three of four , however the design show that the pressurized load of the multiple bubbies construction can provide more pressure load than the skin / string structure and the component panel structure. From the test result of V. Mukhopadhyay article Von-Mises stress of the top surface of the aircraft combined the top and bottom internal cabin pressure. These stresses were well within allowable limits and about 25% lower than the four-bubble design with about 10% increase in unit weight/floor area. Therefore multi-bubble fuselage appear to be significantly better compared to the component panel design and Y brace skin / string structure. As future evidence, NASA build a unmanned BWB aircraft to optimize the structure design due reality flight situation, their structure design was using the multiple bubbles Structure and component panel adding on top and the bottom to prevent the blend moment. The multi-bubble type fuselage which has better stress distribution, for same material and dimension, can be the most effective , further design will be more focus on the combination of the component panel with multiple bubbies fuselage with can reduce the blending force and buckle force while keeping the pressure loading which required for commercial flight.